sleeping whit sirens

Sleeping with Sirens is an American post-hardcore band from Orlando, Florida currently residing in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Formed in 2009 by members of For All We Know, Broadway and We Are Defiance, the group is currently signed to Rise Records^[1] and has released one full-length album, With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear, which debuted at number 7 on Billboard'sTop Heatseekers chart, and at number 36 on Top Independent Albums.^[2]

The group is known primarily for vocalist, Kellin Quinn's very high and wide vocal ability to which even the name for the band was directly derived and inspired for his musical role. Their second album, Let's Cheers to This, is set to be released on May 10, 2011. The first song from the album, "Do It Now Remember It Later", was released on April 7, 2011.^[3]

Contents  [hide] 1 Band members 1.1 List of guest appearances 2 Discography 3 Videography 4 References 5 External links

[edit]Band members

Gabe Barham in 2010.

Current

• Gabe Barham - drums (since 2009)
• Jack Fowler - lead guitar (since 2011)
• Justin Hills - bass guitar (since 2009)
• Jesse Lawson - rhythm guitar, backing vocals (since 2010)
• Kellin Quinn - lead vocals, keyboards, programming (since 2009)

Former

• Brandon McMaster - lead guitar, backing vocals (2009–2010)
• Nick Trombino - rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2009–2010)

[edit]List of guest appearances

• Kellin Quinn (2010) - "The Amazing Atom" (At the Skylines)
• Kellin Quinn and Jesse Lawson (2010) - "There's a Situation @ the Shore" (Lakeland)
• Kellin Quinn (2010) - "In the Face of Death" (The Last Word)
• Kellin Quinn (2011) - "Airplanes Pt. 2" (We Are Defiance feat. Tom Denney formerly of A Day To Remember)
• Kellin Quinn (2011) - "The Dying Hymn" (The Color Morale, as composer) ^[4]
• Kellin Quinn (2011) - "Bring On The Empty Horses" (Call Us Forgotten)

[edit]Discography

Studio albums

Year	Album	Label	Chart peaks[2]
			US	US Indie	US Heat
2010	With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear	Rise	—	36	7
2011	Let's Cheers to This	Rise	—
"—" denotes a release that did not chart.

[edit]Videography

Year	Title	Director(s)
2009	"If I'm James Dean, Then You're Audrey Hepburn"	Caleb Mallery
2010	"With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear"	Sam Link
2010	"You Kill Me (In a Good Way) (Acoustic)"	Sam Link
2011	"Don't Fall Asleep at the Helm (Acoustic)"	Sam Link

[edit]References

1. ^ "Rise Records Bands". Rise Records. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
2. ^ ^a b "With Ears to See, and Eyes to Hear - Sleeping With Sirens - Billboard.com". Billboard. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
3. ^ DiVincenzo, Alex (7 April 2011). "New Sleeping With Sirens Song". AbsolutePunk. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
4. ^ http://allmusic.com/album/my-devil-in-your-eyes-r2118508/credits

[edit]External links

• Sleeping with Sirens on Myspace

[hide]v · d · eSleeping with Sirens Kellin Quinn · Jesse Lawson · Justin Hills · Jack Fowler · Gabe Barham Brandon McMaster · Nick Trombino · Brian Calzini · Dave Aguliar · Paul Russell · Alex Kaladjian Studio albums With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear Demos Demo 2009 Singles "If I'm James Dean, Then You're Audrey Hepburn"  · "With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear"  · "You Kill Me (In a Good Way)"

Categories: Rock music groups from Florida | American screamo musical groups | American post-hardcore musical groups | Musical groups established in 2009 | Rise Records artists | Musical quintets | Musical groups from Orlando, Florida | 2000s music groups | 2010s music groups

Circumcision modestly reduces risk of male-to-female HIV transmission

Circumcision

Michael Carter

Published: 25 March 2010

Male circumcision modestly reduces the risk of an HIV-positive man transmitting HIV to a female sex partner, an analysis of the Partners in Prevention study published in the journal AIDS suggests.

The risk of contracting HIV was 40% lower for the partners of circumcised men than uncircumcised men, but this reduction in risk was not statistically significant.

Randomised studies have shown that male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV acquisition for men by up to 60%.

Less is known about the effect of male circumcision on the incidence of male-to-female HIV transmission.

However, one recent study showed that HIV incidence was similar in the female partners of HIV-positive men who elected to be circumcised and the partners of men who remained uncircumcised. In addition, the study showed that the partners of recently circumcised HIV-positive men had a short-term increase in the risk of contracting HIV if sexual intercourse was resumed before wound healing.

To gain a better understanding of the impact of male circumcision on the risk of male-to-female HIV transmission, investigators from the Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study looked at the rate of new HIV infections that occurred during the study in women according to their male sexual partner’s circumcision status.

Importantly, the men in this study had undergone circumcision in childhood. Therefore it was able to determine the effects of circumcision on HIV transmission risk after full wound healing.

The study involved 1096 heterosexual couples where the man was HIV-positive and the woman HIV-negative. These couples were recruited in eastern and southern Africa between 2004 and 2007. The study’s primary aim was to see if prophylactic therapy with aciclovir reduced the risk of HIV transmission. No protective effect was found.

Median CD4 cell count amongst the men was 424 cells/mm³, with median viral load being 4.3 log₁₀ copies/ml.

A total of 34% of men were circumcised. Men in eastern Africa (39%) were more likely than men in southern Africa (24%) to be circumcised.

The female partners were followed for a median period of 18 months. A median of four episodes of vaginal sex with their male partner was reported per month. Approximately 7% of these were unprotected. During follow-up, approximately 13% of men started antiretroviral therapy.

A total of 64 women contracted HIV during the study. The overall incidence rate was 3.8 per 100 person years.

The investigators were able to genetically link 50 of these seroconversions to the male study partner.

Analysis showed that HIV incidence was approximately 40% lower in these genetically linked transmissions amongst women whose partner was circumcised (hazard ratio 0.57; 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.11, p=0.10). However, this could have been down to chance as this reduction in risk was not statistically significant.

The investigators then excluded men who started antiretroviral therapy, and looked at transmission risk according to circumcision status and viral load.

They found the partners of men who were uncircumcised and had a viral load above 50,000 copies/ml had a 47% reduction in the risk of infection with HIV. This reduction in risk was of borderline significance (HR = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.26 to 1.07, p=0.07).

“We found a nonstatistically significant decreased risk of HIV-1 transmission from circumcised HIV-1 infected men to their female partners, compared with couples with uncircumcised HIV-1 infected men,” comment the investigators. They say that a larger sample size is probably necessary to determine if the apparent reduction in risk of transmission is statistically significant.

“This finding adds to a limited body of data relating circumcision status in HIV-1 infected men to the risk of male-to-female HIV-1 transmission, data which may be helpful for programs working to scale up male circumcision for HIV prevention,” they add.

Two possible biological reasons for the non-significant reduction in HIV transmission for the female partners of circumcised men are offered by the investigators. First, circumcision may reduce the risk of ulcerative sexually transmitted infections. However, the investigators note that the incidence of genital ulcers was comparable between the circumcised and uncircumcised men in their study. Alternatively, microtrauma or inflammation to the foreskin could facilitate transmission from uncircumcised men.

HIV

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) adalah sebuah retrovirus yang menginfeksi sel sistem kekebalan tubuh manusia - terutama Sel T CD4+ danmakrofaga, komponen vital dari sistem sistem kekebalan tubuh "tuan rumah" - dan menghancurkan atau merusak fungsi mereka. Infeksi dari HIV menyebabkan pengurangan cepat dari sistem kekebalan tubuh, yang menyebabkan kekurangan imun. HIV merupakan penyebab dasar AIDS.

Dari hasil penelitian, semua penderita HIV/AIDS yang telah masuk ke dalam fasa seropositif, menunjukkan gejala hipotiroid.^[1]

Daftar isi  [sembunyikan] 1 Perkenalan 2 Penularan 3 Struktur 4 Rujukan 5 Pranala luar 6 Lihat pula 7 Pranala luar

[sunting]Perkenalan

Istilah HIV telah digunakan sejak 1986 (Coffin et al., 1986) sebagai nama untuk retrovirus yang diusulkan pertama kali sebagai penyebab AIDS olehLuc Montagnier dari Perancis, yang awalnya menamakannya LAV (lymphadenopathy-associated virus) (Barre-Sinoussi et al., 1983) dan oleh Robert Gallo dari Amerika Serikat, yang awalnya menamakannya HTLV-III (human T lymphotropic virus type III) (Popovic et al., 1984).

The phylogenetic tree of the SIV and HIV viruses.
(click on image for a detailed description.)

HIV adalah anggota dari genus lentivirus [1], bagian dari keluarga retroviridae [2] yang ditandai dengan periode latensi yang panjang dan sebuah sampul lipid dari sel-host awal yang mengelilingi sebuah pusat protein/RNA. Dua spesies HIV menginfeksi manusia: HIV-1 dan HIV-2. HIV-1 adalah yang lebih "virulent" dan lebih mudah menular, dan merupakan sumber dari kebanyakan infeksi HIV di seluruh dunia; HIV-2 kebanyakan masih terkurung di Afrika barat (Reeves and Doms, 2002). Kedua spesies berawal di Afrika barat dan tengah, melompat dari primata ke manusia dalam sebuah proses yang dikenal sebagai zoonosis.

HIV-1 telah berevolusi dari sebuah simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) yang ditemukan dalam subspesies simpanse, Pan troglodyte troglodyte. HIV-2 merupakan spesies dari sebuah strain SIV yang berbeda, ditemukan dalamsooty mangabeys, monyet dunia lama Guinea-Bissau (Reeves and Doms, 2002).

Tiga grup dari HIV-1 telah diidentifikasi berdasarkan ekspresi genom viral yang disebut env, yaitu: M, N dan O. Grup env M merupakan genom yang paling banyak ditemukan dengan 8 perbedaan subtipe yang dipengaruhi faktor geografis, antara lain: B (di Amerika dan Eropa), A dan D (di Afrika), C (di Afrika dan Asia).

Infeksi susulan oleh subtipe yang berbeda, menimbulkan bentuk rekombinan sirkulasi^[2] (bahasa Inggris: circulating recombinant form, CRF).

Bentuk rekombinan yang pertama kali ditemukan adalah rekombinan AG dari Afrika tengah dan barat, kemudian rekombinan AGI dari Yunani dan Siprus, rekombinan AB dari Rusia dan AE dari Asia tenggara. Meskipun demikian, prekursor CRF AE berupa tipe E masih belum ditemukan.

47% infeksi yang terjadi di seluruh belahan dunia merupakan subtipe C, 27% berupa CRF02_AG, 12,3% berupa subtipe B, 4% adalah subtipe D dan 4% merupakan CRF AE, sisa 5,7% terdiri dari subtipe dan CRF lain. Riset HIV terakhir 95% terfokus pada subtipe B, sedangkn beberapa laboratoriummenggunakan subtipe C.

[sunting]Penularan

HIV menular melalui hubungan kelamin dan hubungan seks oral, atau melalui anus, transfusi darah, penggunaan bersama jarum terkontaminasi melalui injeksi obat dan dalam perawatan kesehatan, dan antara ibu dan bayinya selama masa hamil, kelahiran dan masa menyusui. UNAIDS transmission. Penggunaan pelindung fisik seperti kondom latex dianjurkan untuk mengurangi penularan HIV melalui seks. Belakangan ini, diusulkan bahwa penyunatan dapat mengurangi risiko penyebaran virus HIV [3], tetapi banyak ahli percaya bahwa hal ini masih terlalu awal untuk merekomendasikan penyunatan lelaki dalam rangka mencegah HIV [4].

Pada akhir tahun 2004 diperkirakan antara 36 hingga 44 juta orang yang hidup dengan HIV, 25 juta di antaranya adalah penduduk sub-Sahara Afrika. Perkiraan jumlah orang yang terinfeksi HIV di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2004 adalah antara 4,3 juta hingga 6,4 juta orang. (AIDS epidemic update December 2004).

Wabah ini tidak merata di wilayah-wilayan tertentu karena ada negara-negara yang lebih menderita daripada yang lainnya. Bahkan pada tingkatan negara pun ada perbedaan tingkatan infeksinya pada daerah-daerah yang berlainan. Jumlah orang yang hidup dengan HIV terus meningkat di semua bagian dunia, meskipun telah dilakukan berbagai langkah pencegahan yang ketat.

Sub-Sahara Afrika tetap merupakan daerah yang paling parah terkena HIV di antara kaum perempuan hamil pada usia 15-24 tahun di sejumlah negara di sana. Ini diduga disebabkan oleh banyaknya penyakit kelamin, praktek menoreh tubuh, transfusi darah, dan buruknya tingkat kesehatan dan gizi di sana (Bentwich et al., 1995). Pada tahun 2000, WHO memperkirakan bahwa 25% unit darah yang ditransfusikan di Afrika tidak dites untuk HIV, dan bahwa 10% infeksi HIV di benua itu terjadi lewat darah. [5].

Di Asia, wabah HIV terutama disebabkan oleh para pengguna obat bius lewat jarum suntik, hubungan seks baik antarpria maupun dengan pekerja seks komersial, dan pelanggannya, serta pasangan seks mereka. Pencegahannya masih kurang memadai.

[sunting]Struktur

HIV berbeda dalam struktur dengan retrovirus yang dijelaskan sebelumnya. Besarnya sekitar 120 nm dalam diameter (seper 120 milyar meter, kira-kira 60 kali lebih kecil dari sel darah merah) dan kasarnya "spherical"

Diagram virus HIV.

[sunting]Rujukan

1. ^ (Inggris)"Thyroid hormone: a "prime suspect" in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS) patients?". Department of Human Physiology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Jos; Amadi K, Sabo AM, et al.. Diakses pada 31 Maret 2010.
2. ^ (Inggris)"The Circulating Recombinant Forms (CRFs)". Los Alamos National Laboratory. Diakses pada 2 April 2010.